THE FLAVONOID AND ALKALOID CONTENT OF CYCLOSORUS PARASITICUS (LINN.) FARWELL FERNS AT THE PLANTATION AREAS OF JEMBER REGENCY

Cyclosorus parasiticus(Linn.) Farwell is one potential medicinal ferns. The plant contains secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids and alkaloids. This study aims to determine the flavonoid and alkanoid of Cyclosorusparasiticus (Linn.) Farwell in three plantation areas of Jember Regency. Plant samples were collected from Mount Gumitir coffee plantations, Pine Garahan Village and rubber and cocoa plantations in Tancak in Jember. Samples of stems and leaves were dried at room temperature and then blended to obtain a powder. One gram of powder samples was macerated in 90 ml of methanol for 3x24 hours then was concentrated with an evaporator to obtain a crude extract. The crude extract was tested qualitatively for flavonoids and alkaloids by the Willstätter and Dragendorff methods followed by quantitatively tests with Spectrophotometric. The results showed thatboth flavonoids and alkaloids were found in stem and leavesof Cyclosorus parasiticus (Linn) Farwell growing at three research locations. The flavonoids and alkaloidsin content found in leaveswas higher than those in stem organs. The leaves of Cyclosorus parasiticus (Linn) Farwell in Gumitir contain the highest flavonoids and alkaloids content than those in Tancak.


INTRODUCTION
Cyclosorus parasiticus (Linn.) Farwell is one of the thelypteridaceae fern tribe that has characteristics such as fibrous blackish brown root, green stem, hairy, brown base and scaly. In addition, bothsterile and fertile leaves have the same shape (lancet) and size. Bothleave surfaces are hairy, pinnate vein leaves. The arrangement of the leaves is alternate, Soriare superficial, round, arranged regularly cover the entire edge of the leaves (Duncan and Isaac, 1986;Cobb and Farnsworth, 2005;. Many people get benefits from this plant species for treatment such as antimalarial (Wei et al., 2016), itchy skin and muscle bruising, excessive body fluids, anticancer (Fang et al., 2011), antiinflammatory (Tangavelou & Viswanathan, 2017), gout and rheumatism (Singh, 2003).
Utilization of ferns Cyclosorus parasiticus as drugs isallegedly due to the content of its secondary metabolites (Astuti et al., 2013).

Previous research reported that
Cyclosorusparasiticus contains several secondary metabolites, among them are flavonoids and alkaloids found in the leaves (Tangavelou and Viswanathan, 2017).
The content of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids and alkaloids ferns varies depends on numerous factors such as the environment (ie temperature, humidity, pH, location, soil), extracted plant parts, age, harvesting extraction and methods (Chikmawati et al., 2013, and. According to Ahmad et al. (2015) the composition of these secondary metabolites varies in plants organs. The fern leaves may contain higher secondary metabolites compared to other organs. Differences in the composition and content of secondary metabolites are influenced by the growth environment (Chikmawati et al., 2013).  (Astuti, 2018). Pine Forest in Garahan Village classified as mid plains located at an altitude between 550-551 meters above sea level (Makhmud, 2018). On the other hand, Tancak waterfall located in rubber plantations and cocoa plantations Gunung Pasang Desa Suci subdistrict Panti is situated at an altitude of 300-900 meters above sea level (Baihaki, 2016 (Ahmad et al., 2015). In addition, the secondary metabolites, flavonoids and alkaloids in certain organs were affected by these secondary metabolites plant physiology.  At the optimal pH conditions, the macro nutrients (N, P, K, Mg, Ca and S) were dissolved in the soil solvent and in availableform sothat its presence was high and absorbed easilyby plants (Jovita, 2018). Macronutrient N is one of the important nutrients for plants. Since a plant fulfills the need for nitrogen then its growth will be better because besides to help in the process of photosynthesis it is also to affect the result of flavonoid synthesis (Aristyanti, 2014;Pratiwi, 2017).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Based on Salim et al. (2016), macro soil nutrients such as nitrogen (N), potassium (K), organic matter (BO) and carbon (C)  showed an increased expression of the flavonoid biosynthetic genes (Coronado et al., 1995).
The optimal pH condition also affected the high content of alkaloids  (Goh and Hardter, 2010). Absorption N by plants was reduced so that the amino acid biosynthesis process reduced and influenced the reduction in alkaloid produced.
The low content of flavonoids in Tancakwas

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Thanks to LP2M Jember University, which has funded this research through Keris "Symplast" and all those who assist in completing this research.