MACROFUNGI DIVERSITY IN MOUNT BURNI TELONG BENER MERIAH REGENCY ACEH PROVINCE

Mount Burni Telong has a diversity of fungi that play an important role in the forest ecosystem. This study aimed to determine the types of macrofungi found in Mount Burni Telong and index diversity macrofungi found in Mount Burni Telong. The method used in this study was to use the pathway method by observing macrofungi along the hiking trail with a distance of 10 meters to the left and 10 meters to the right starting from an altitude of 1800 mdpl to an altitude of 2600 mdpl. Macroscopic fungi found were to identified and measured the physico-chemical parameters of the environment. Macroscopic fungi found were dominated by the Basidiomycota division and the Polyporaceae family. The results obtained were 31 macroscopic fungi from 2 divisions, 6 classes, 6 orders, 21 families, 26 genera, and 31 species. The most macroscopic fungi found in the Basidiomycota division, Agaricomycetes class, were 23 species and at least in the Ascomycota division, Pezizomycetes class, was as many as 1 species.


INTRODUCTION
Mount Burni Telong is one of the active volcanoes in Aceh Province. This mountain is located in the Gayo Highlands, Bener Meriah Regency with a peak altitude of 2624 m above sea level. Mount Burni Telong last erupted on December 7, 1924 which caused damage to the surrounding vegetation (Putri et al., 2015). Mount Burni Telong has a high diversity of flora and fauna with typical vegetation characteristics of wet highlands, including Edelweiss, nepenthes, pine and coffee (Gemasih et al., 2017). Mount Burni Telong also has a fungi diversity that plays an important role in the forest ecosystem.
Hawksworth & Robert (2017)  Fungi or mushrooms are one of the biotic components that play a role in maintaining balance and preserving nature. In addition, mushrooms contain complex organic compounds such as cellulose, hemi cellulose, pectin, starch, and lignin, which act as decomposers to help the decomposition of organic matter in the forest ecosystem. In this case (Khayati & Hadi, 2016) reported that ecologically, fungi have a real role in ecological events such as associations with plants that play a role in the nutrient cycle, food webs that affect the survival of tree saplings and tree growth. Anggraini et al., (2015) also reported that fungi help to fertilize the soil by providing nutrients for plants. Fungi also play a role in regulating the nutrient cycle, The nutrient cycle will be hampered if the litter does not decompose properly, so that the fungus becomes a decomposing organism with the help of enzymes found in fungal mycelium (Nasution et al., 2017;Wahyuni et al., 2019). Thus, macroscopic fungal research is very significant to determine the rate of nutrient decomposition and soil fertility.  (Gemasih, et al., 2017).  (Skye and Pam, 2014).

Burni Telong
The results obtained shows that 31 macroscopic fungi from 2 divisions, 6 classes, 6 orders, 21 families, 26 genera, and 31 species can be seen in Table 1. The most common macroscopic fungi found in the Basidiomycota division, Agaricomycetes class, were 23 species and the least was in the Ascomycota division, Pezizomycetes class, as many as 1 species (Table 1). In this case Santoso (2004) explained that the macroscopic fungal species were most often found from the basidiomycota division. The characteristic of the basidiomycota division is macroscopic, while the members of the ascomycota division are microscopic and only a small part is macroscopic or have fruiting body.

Macroscopic Fungus Description
The characteristics of macroscopic fungi that were found on Mount Burni Telong are as follows.

Agaricus parvitigrinus
Habitat : dead wood twigs This mushroom has a height of 2 cm (Marasmio,2017). This fungus grows on dead leaves, precisely on the nerves of the leaves in groups and was found in Pintu Rimba and Shelter 2.

Marasmius calhouniae
Habitat : weathered logs  (Skye & Pam, 2014). This fungus grows in the leaf litter in groups and was found in Shelter 1.

Description
Mushrooms Fomes annosus has no stalk, hard woody texture of the fruiting body, and brown with white on the edge of the fruiting body. Slightly convex and flat, the edges of the fruiting body are thin, and white. The underside of the fruiting body is white, and the lamellae is porous (Tampubolon, 2010). This fungus grows on rotten logs in groups and was found in Shelter 1.
This mushroom has a height of 2 cm, grows solitary on the ground and was found in Shelter 1.

Galerina clavata
Habitat : land surface, and brownish yellow (Jordan, 2004). This mushroom has a height of 2 cm, grows solitary on the ground and was found in Shelter 1.

Hygrophorus eburneus
Habitat : weathered logs and was found in Shelter 1.

Pycnoporus coccineus
Habitat : weathered logs Description Mushroom Pycnoporus coccineus its fruiting body is fan-shaped, has a hard texture, and is yellow to reddish yellow.
The type of reed / pore lamellae is seen from the outside such holes. Life sticks to the substrate. The habitat of the Pycnoporus coccineus fungus is mostly found in weathered wood and lives in groups (Rahma et. Al., 2018). This mushroom has a height of 1.5 cm and was found in Shelter 1.

Gloeporus sp.
Habitat: tree roots  (Roody, 2003). This fungus has a height of 2.2 cm, grows in banana stems that have rotted solitary and was found in Shelter 2.

Description
Mushrooms Conocybe apala has a light pink hood, is conical shaped with a pointed hood edge, and has a smooth hood surface. It has height of 3.4 cm. Creamy lamella with regular type of lamella, and cream colored edges of lamella. The stalk of the fruiting body is light-colored, cylindrical, has a smooth, hollow and brittle surface with a slightly swollen base, and the type of location of the stalk is central (Skye & Pam, 2014). The fungus grows solely on weathered logs and was found in Shelter 2.

Pleurotus sp.
Habitat : rotten banana stalks Description Mushrooms Pleurotus sp. has a sideways (lateral) stalk, white color and a rounded base. The hood of the mushroom has a white color with a slippery surface and slightly grooved edges (Trubus, 2007). This mushroom has a height of 2 cm, lives in groups in rotten banana leaves, and was found in Shelter 2.

Description
Mushrooms Omphalotus nidiformis has a deep fan-shaped hood, smooth surface with inward rolled edges. Omphalotus nidiformis has a cream-colored hood with a brown edges. Lamella is creamy and decurrent and often dripping with and has a smooth edge.
The stalk of the fruiting body is tapered to the base, the type of the stalk is lateral. This mushroom has a height of 2.4 cm and its thin flesh is generally creamy white. This fungus lives on rotting logs in groups and was found in Shelter 2.

Description Mushrooms
Cookeina sulcipes belongs to the fungal cup group, which can be identified by the shape of the sporocarp like a bowl, has a stalk, and spores are produced on the inside of the smooth bowl.
Cookeina sulcipes are red in color and have hair and thin lines (Weinstein, et.al, 2002).
This fungus grows solitary on weathered logs and is found in Shelter 2.

Microporus affinis
Habitat : weathered logs This fungus grows on weathered branches in groups and was found in Shelter 2.

Description
Mushrooms Scleroderma citrinum known as the earth ball mushroom because it is round and grows on the ground.
Scleroderms citrinum has a round fruiting body with a hard and scaly surface, yellow with irregular brown warts. This fungus does not have a stalk, only rhizoid or mycelium which attaches directly to the ground. When this fungus breaks, it will produce a dark gray ash (Skye & Pam, 2014). This fungus grows solitary on the ground and was found in Shelter 2.

Nidula candica
Habitat When the cover peels off, it looks like eggs which are small collections (peridioles) of compressed spores (Desjardin et.al, 2015).
This fungus grows on dead tree branches in groups and was found in Shelter 2.

Description
Mushrooms Galerina marginata has a parabolic hood shape, is orange-brown color, and has a grain-coated hood surface with smooth edges without lines. The type of lamella is regular, attached to the stem, and closely spaced yellowish at first and turns brown as the spores mature. The fruiting body stalk is lateral type, the surface of the stalk is mottled with whitish fibrils, and the shape of the stalk is the same size from base to tip and is brownish yellow (Kuo, 2016). This fungus has a height of 3.4 cm, grows solitary on weathered logs and was found in Shelter 2.

Description
Mushrooms Paxillus involutushas a convex hood shape, when it is old the hood begins to flatten and form a funnel, and the surface of the hood is smooth. Lamela is brown and gets browner with age, fusing to the stalk of the mushroom fruiting body.
Mushroom fruit stalk has a smooth surface and is cylindrical in shape, yellowish brown with an eccentric stalk type (Mazza, 2008).
This mushroom has a height of 4 cm, grows solitary on the ground, and was found in Shelter 3.

Armillaria mellea
Habitat: weathered logs  (Kuo, 2016). This mushroom has a height of 2 cm, grows on dead wood trees in groups and was found in Shelter 3.

Location Characteristics
At  Mushrooms can live at 70-90% humidity (Khayati & Hadi, 2016). Mushrooms activity at a pH below 7.0. According to Deacon (2006), mushrooms can grow in a pH range of 4.8-8.0 and the optimum pH is 5.5-7.5. The density of the crown cover would affect the incoming light. If the canopy density was high, the incoming light intensity is low. According to Achmad (2011) light with low light intensity will affect the growth of fungi for the formation of fruiting bodies, spores or the release of spores for fungi that were positive phototropism. While the canopy density was low, the incoming light intensity was high. If the incoming light was high intensity it will inhibit the growth of the structure of the reproductive tools and fungal spores.