Tinjauan Hukum Persaingan Usaha Mengenai Tarif Batas Bawah Maskapai Penerbangan di Indonesia Review of Competition Law on Tariffs Lower Limit Indonesian Airlines

Dwi Desi Yayi Tarina*, Imam Haryanto** Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta, Indonesia *Coresponding Email: tarina112@yahoo.co.id, imam.haryanto@upnvj.ac.id Diterima: Agustus 2020; Disetujui: April 2021; Dipublish: April 2021 Abstrak Kebijakan harga adalah hal yang tidak dapat dipisahkan dari persaingan usaha. Kebijakan harga tersebut tidak semata-mata terkait dengan upaya mempertahankan harga atau bahkan menguasai harga pada tingkat tertentu, tetapi menjadi upaya untuk menghasilkan keuntungan yang sebanding dengan kesejahteraan sosial. Sejak regulasi persaingan usaha masuk di Indonesia, dengan bertambahnya pelaku usaha maskapai penerbangan, persaingan di antara mereka menjadi lebih menguntungkan pihak konsumen. Dengan kompetisi yang tinggi dan harga yang bersaing, maskapai penerbangan khususnya maskapai penerbangan nasional menunjukan bahwa yang menjadi sasaran maskapai penerbangan ini adalah pangsa pasar menengah. Dalam penulisan ini akan membahas mengenai penetapan tarif bawah angkutan penerbangan udara yang dikeluarkan dalam Peraturan Menteri Perhubungan Republik Indonesia dan mengenai penerapan serta dampaknya kepada konsumen dan pelaku usaha dalam aspek persaingan usaha. Hasil penelitian Penelitian Penetapan tarif batas bawah yang diatur dalam Peraturan Menteri Perhubungan Nomor 14 Tahun 2016 pada dasarnya bertentangan dengan ketentuan undang-undang persaingan usaha, khususnya tentang larangan penetapan harga sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 5 ayat (1). UU No. 5/1999. Dampak Peraturan Menteri Perhubungan Nomor 14 Tahun 2016 terhadap pelaku usaha penerbangan dan konsumen antara lain adalah berkurangnya kebebasan pelaku usaha dalam menentukan tarif sehingga mengakibatkan tidak tercapainya efisiensi harga. Kata Kunci: Persaingan, Tarif, Penerbangan


INTRODUCTION
Every human being has their busy activities or activities that require means of transportation that can support or help run these activities. Given that in carrying out daily activities, it is necessary to move cities, maybe even abroad. In this case, the need for transportation facilities is felt to be very necessary. The process of moving from one place to another using transportation is called transportation.
Transportation plays a very important role in human life. It can be seen that transportation is essentially a movement from one place to another, whether related to things (goods) or people. The transfer itself is absolute to achieve and increase efficiency (Soekardono:1986).
Transportation is a very vital field of activity in life due to various factors (Muhammad: 1998). Several means of transportation or transportation can be an option or alternative, namely land, air, and sea transportation (Muhammad: 1998 Regarding the dominant position of airline business actors, it can be said that when an airline is already "well known" and has a dominant position and then applies a lower fare, of course, consumers will choose the already "well-known" airline instead of choosing an airline.
others when rates are matched. This is because there is no doubt that consumers choose airlines that have high quality and are trusted for a long time.
In business competition law, business actors (in this case airline players) freely seek to get consumers to achieve certain business objectives or companies they establish (Kagramanto: 2010), provided that such freedom does not violate the provisions of business competition law.
The stipulation of the tariff below causes airline business actors to be unable to determine the desired tariff to be offered to consumers. This is because the government provides restrictions regarding the provisions for applying prices to aviation transportation services.
If it is related to a competitive market structure, prices will be formed through the market mechanism itself without any regulation regarding tariffs, those who carry out business activities in the air transport service market only receive prices that have been determined by the market, so those who compete in the market for transportation services air will try to produce more optimally and reach a level that is efficient in production (Andi Fahmi Lubis: 2009). However, when a price is determined not through a market mechanism, competition in the air transport service business will not be able to achieve its efficiency. This is because ideally the price is determined by the market mechanism itself .
In the principle of competition, this regulation certainly limits airline business actors from conducting their business.
Apart from being able to influence airline business actors, the application of lower limit rates also affects the interests of

RESEARCH METHOD
Research is a scientific activity related to analysis and construction, which is carried out methodologically, systematically and consistently.
Methodological means according to a certain method or way, systematic is based on a system, whereas consistent means the absence of things that are contrary to a certain framework.  (1)  and consumers will get more benefits.

Consumers
Business competition theory states that the determination of the lower limit rate will cause several losses to business actors. The lower limit tariff agreement certainly harms business actors and a fair climate for business competition (price competition) so that it is prohibited by law. The stipulation of this lower limit tariff also provides limits for business actors so that the freedom to set their prices is reduced.
Basically, in the tight business competition, it will cause efficiency. The airlines that sell ticket prices below the  negative impacts on consumers. One of these disadvantages is the increase in airline ticket rates which can put a burden on consumers so that it will affect consumer welfare.