Poverty Alleviation Efforts by Village Governments in Traji Village, Parakan District, Temanggung

The problem of poverty almost occurs in almost all areas including Traji Village. To alleviate poverty requires proper methods with careful calculations by the village government. The aim is to find out how the efforts of poverty alleviation by the village government in the Traji cultural village, Parakan District, Temanggung. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative which is a research that conducted based on a qualitative paradigm, strategy, and model implementation. The final result of this research is that in the effort to alleviate poverty in the cultural village of Traji, Parakan Subdistrict, Temanggung Regency, there are several problems, such as less than optimal services due to the limited facilities and infrastructure owned by the village, lack of training for village apparatus, and program achievements that are too minimal. thus making poverty alleviation difficult to achieve. However, the village government continues to carry out its duties by seeking various ways to alleviate poverty, such as holding Peken Lepen which can generate 6 million per performance and has a good impact on the village economy. Peken Lepen is a commitment from the village government to the economy of the local community. In addition, the government also involves all communities and government institutions such as the Activity Management Team Village Consultative Body and stakeholders by holding hamlet meetings, which is proof that the government is not the sole authority.


INTRODUCTION
Poverty is a very complex problem, because it is not only related to the problem of low fulfillment of daily needs, low income of the community but also powerlessness from economic, social, cultural and political aspects. (Ras, 2013). Poverty alleviation cannot be characterized by economic growth alone (Zuhdiyaty & Kaluge, 2018). Poverty alleviation must pay attention to basic rights that are generally recognized including the fulfillment of food, health, education, employment, housing, clean water, land, natural resources and the environment, a sense of security from treatment or threats of violence and the right to participate. in socio-political life, both for women and men (Aneta, 2010). In line with Ramdani, economic development must see who creates economic growth (Ramdani, 2015). Because the problem of poverty is a multidimensional problem, it requires a comprehensive and directed and integrated solution (Mahioborang, 2015).
Poverty and economic growth are a picture of life in any country, an indicator of the success of a country's development (Jonnadi et al., 2012). According to Kunarjo in Badrul Munir, a country said to be poor can be characterized by a low per capita income level, a high population growth rate (more than 2 percent per year), most of the workforce is engaged in the agricultural sector and is shackled in a vicious cycle of poverty. Based on this, it is necessary to know the root causes of poverty in the community.
Poverty is a social problem that can be said to be serious. There is a first step that needs to be done in discussing this issue, namely identifying what exactly is meant by poverty or poverty and how to measure it. Different concepts will give birth to different measurement methods. After that, look for the dominant factors (both cultural and structural) that cause poverty. The next step is to find relevant solutions to solve these problems and look for strategies to alleviate the poor from the valley of poverty) (Sunyoto, 2012).
Development inequality is one of the causes of increasing poverty (Solikatun et al., 2014). The government policy that allocates a larger development budget in urban areas than in rural areas is one of the factors that causes rural areas to be increasingly left behind and structural poverty is increasing in rural areas. (Sartika et al., 2016). Whereas the position of the village in achieving national development goals is very important because it strengthens the structure of the Indonesian state government (Heriyanto, 2015). This poverty is one of the structural poverty caused by unfavorable natural conditions (Supriyanto, 2012).
This fact refers to the majority of the poor population in rural areas, therefore this concept intends to describe efforts to reduce poverty which place the countryside as a priority in economic improvement. One of the ways the government resolves poverty problems is by implementing community empowerment policies that directly address the needs of the poor (Noor, 2014). The term empowerment is defined as an effort to actualize the potential that the community already has so that it becomes a system that can organize themselves independently. (Anggraini, 2019).
Parakan Subdistrict as an area in Temanggung Regency is not free from poverty problems, especially those that support rural communities. Poverty occurs because of low income due to low productivity and skills, simple means of production, low education, high family responsibilities, high population growth while low savings. Thus poverty becomes a vicious circle that has no end.
According to the Temanggung statistical data, the percentage of poverty in Temanggung in 2018 was 9.87 percent, this figure was lower than in 2017, and this figure was also lower when compared to Central Java which reached 11.32 percent. Traji Village is ranked 3rd out of all villages in Parakan Subdistrict in terms of the poverty rate data percentage. The village occupying the first level is Kauman village with a total of 1070 households, the second is Mandisari village with a total of 586 households, and the third is Traji village with a total of 553 households. Traji Village has a fairly large poverty rate because it reaches half of its households. The number of households in Traji village is 1199 households and the poverty rate in Traji village is 553 households.
There are several previous studies that are in accordance with the theme of this research, especially in discussing government efforts to alleviate or reduce poverty, one of which is Nugraha, Irwan Abdu (2017). The results of the study in general, namely related to poverty alleviation policies are very difficult to do because they have to combine understanding from various aspects. Data that is not integrated between the government and BPS is often an obstacle because of the inconsistency between the data and conditions in the field. Formulated programs must also encounter problems in the field, namely the long bureaucratic service process for the poor (Abdu Nugraha, 2018).
Furthermore, Raharjo, Suminar & Muarifuddin (2016) the central role of community learning activities in overcoming poverty is carried out through non-formal education in Central Java. The research discusses programs developed by Learning centers in Central Java in overcoming poverty, namely through nonformal education by Learning centers. The role of Learning centers is as a center for information, community learning, education and skills training as well as the existence of community independence that is formed (Raharjo et al., 2016) Another study was conducted by Harianto, S. (2018) entitled "Relationships of the Poor and Poverty Reduction Policies", the article discusses poverty reduction which has actually been carried out by the government for a long time, but does not have a significant impact on reducing the poverty rate. Some of the causes of ineffective poverty reduction programs include dysfunction in the socialization of poverty reduction programs at the village level, direct, top-down, charitable, and short-term programs (Harianto, 2018).

RESEARCH METHODS
The type of research used is descriptive qualitative which aims to understand in depth the efforts to alleviate poverty by the village government in Traji Village, Parakan District, Temanggung. The data analysis technique used starts from the process of data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and finally drawing conclusions.
This research was conducted in Parakan Subdistrict and Traji Temanggung Subdistrict, Central Java Province. There are two types of data used, namely primary obtained from direct interviews with informants and secondary data obtained from literature studies.
Research in poverty alleviation efforts by the village government in the cultural village of Traji, Parakan District, Temanggung, used theory from the journal regarding the evaluation of community empowerment-based poverty alleviation programs. Written by Isnan Murdiansyah, poverty alleviation can be done in three ways, namely empowerment, partnership and participation. Of the three variables, each of them is made into several indicators to facilitate the research and discussion process.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Empowerment
The development process where the community takes the initiative to start a process of social activities to improve their own situation and condition. An effort is considered successful as empowerment when the community becomes an agent of development or is known as a subject. Here the subject is the driving force. In empowerment, there are three indicators used, namely the village government initiative, the involvement of the village government and the TPK, and the last is concern for the independence of the village economy.
The three indicators above will be explained in more detail, first, namely the village government initiatives. Initiatives in a policy carried out by the government, both the village government and the central government, of course, have a significant contribution. It is undeniable that initiative becomes a benchmark for how we see the ability of a local or village government in dealing with problems. Based on this, the initiative with the existing human capital capabilities needs to involve collaboration from various stakeholders so that the initiatives generated in dealing with problems can actually be realized.
Based on an interview with Mr. Nur Zaenudin as the head of the village's welfare in Traji regarding the initiative in dealing with poverty alleviation issues, the village government has the initiative to collaborate with pokdarwis to open Peken Lepen for the Traji village community. Starting only from a spring or spring which is used as a place for bathing, irrigation, and fish farming, it is now transformed into a traditional market. This market also sells traditional food, crafts, etc. With the Peken Lepen or river market in Traji village, it can help improve the community's economy. In addition, it can be understood that Peken Lepen is actually a tool and field for the community to seriously move the village economy.
The condition of the existing community makes peken lepen a very urgent reason to be formed. Peken Lepen is not only a driving force for the local economy, but also as a symbol of a village government that is consistent and serious about building an independent and flexible village economy. This is because without economic movement at the local level, it will certainly have an impact on the quality of the people's economic welfare. People who live in deprivation, mediocre income become a strong basis for driving Peken Lepen activities with a spirit of togetherness that is able to adapt to existing geographical conditions. Peken lepen in Traji village is an activity that is in the pattern of local economic development in order to be able to support human development economically, especially in increasing the livelihood of the community's economic level. A weak village will certainly create a poor quality of central government. Traji Village must be supported and encouraged in order to be able to make the surrounding villages participate in issuing an activity called an initiative that is systematic and constructive in accordance with the existing spirit and geographical conditions.
The second indicator is the involvement of the village government and the Activity Management Team. The village government has been involved in dealing with poverty. In this case, the government has collaborated with Activity Management Team as partners in poverty reduction groups so that poverty can be overcome. The formation of the village Activity Management Team indicates that the village government is consistent in alleviating poverty by mobilizing all available village human resources. Activity Management Team is a concrete form that the village government has consistency in reducing the poverty rate, namely the formation of Activity Management Team, whether it is a village law or at the provincial district and city level.
In article 7 paragraph 1 Regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs Number 20 of 2018 concerning village financial management states that Kaur and kasi in carrying out the tasks referred to in article 6 paragraph 4 can be assisted by a team that carries out goods and service procurement activities whose nature and type cannot be carried out alone. This article is an article that forms the basis for the Activity Management Team which assists kasi and kasi in the process of procuring goods and services in the village. Third namely concern for the independence of the village economy. This is very important so that the community has the provisions to open their own business, so that the economy in Traji Village can change for the better. Concern for the independence of the village economy takes a form in which the traditional village government provides trainings for the community and provides business opportunities for the community.
Based on interviews with Village Consultative Body, village government efforts towards village economic independence were carried out by prioritizing existing tourism potential. The village government held a Peken Lepen which the community could participate in to increase their income by selling traditional food and handicrafts. In this way it should be able to increase the economic independence of the village because the community can use the opportunity to sell goods that they can produce according to their respective abilities. Things that must be considered in efforts to increase village economic independence are the abilities possessed by the community and the level of community participation itself. If both of these are low, then the opportunity provided by the village government in the form of procuring Peken Lepen activities cannot have a maximum impact. The level of people's ability to produce an item affects the quality of the goods they sell.
The village government has conducted training to improve the capacity of the community. Forms of training include training in culinary, animal husbandry and fisheries. Increasing the capacity of the community is one of the important aspects in realizing the independence of the village economy. The village government also has several programs for village independence, in the form of: From all self-reliance programs carried out by the village government, it can be seen that the government understands the needs of the community. The government provides the right sustainable program that can create the welfare of its people through the village independence program. The program is also continuous between one another so that it can create synergy and increase effectiveness in poverty alleviation programs. The village independence program that is being implemented is also proof that the village government has a concern for the independence of the village economy.

Partnership
The next variable is partnership, which is a collaboration that aims to strengthen and achieve mutual benefit goals, because the problem of poverty or efforts to reduce the poverty rate is not easy. Village governments cannot alleviate poverty individually, so various partners or partnerships are needed. This variable has one indicator, namely collaboration between village government and nonvillage government.
The village government has collaborated with the Activity Management Team and the community of Traji village. The Activity Management Team is on duty when the funds exceed the provisions, then according to the existing Pergub, it will be transferred to the Activity Management Team. If the funds are not suitable or below the average, it will be managed by Regional Financial Management Officer, while the community has the role of overseeing whether the assistance has met the target or not. This cooperation is important, due to the fact that the Activity Management Team often conducts a meeting or coordination meeting and evaluation every week, thus allowing little gaps for corruption, collusion and nepotism. This process makes the handling of poverty cases better or reduces the poverty rate and is able to strengthen collaboration between Regional Financial Management Officer, Activity Management Team and village governments.
Traji Village participates in collaborative governance by involving the village government with the Activity Management Team or Regional Financial Management Officer and the community. This is a strengthening in realizing the goal, namely poverty alleviation in Traji village. Collaborative governance can be interpreted as a governance concept that involves a network of actors involving partners, involving cross-stakeholders who work together, work hand in hand and cooperate with each other in accordance with their respective main duties and capacities in realizing the vision that has been planned.
The formation of Activity Management Team and Regional Financial Management Officer will certainly build a network system that can coordinate and strengthen one another in accordance with their main duties and functions in order to create a goal, namely to alleviate poverty. Collaborative governance in the government system has been reflected in the concept of poverty alleviation carried out by Traji Village. However, it does not mean that the achievement has been successful, because the achievement of the success of poverty alleviation depends on how big and how strong the village government and the Activity Management Team have good planning, quality planning in reducing poverty in Traji village. Referring to this, the concept of collaborative governance must be carefully weighed and planned, it must carry the aggregation of public interests,

Chart 1. Poverty Reduction Implementation Patterns in Traji Village
Based on the chart above, it can be concluded that the village government gave the mandate to the Activity Management Team and Regional Financial Management Officer. After carrying out their duties, the Activity Management Team and Regional Financial Management Officer will provide an accountability to the village government. Regional Financial Management Officer will carry out its duties if the nominal poverty alleviation fund is less than 10 million rupiah. If the poverty alleviation fund is more than 10 million rupiah, the funds will be managed and taken over by the village Activity Management Team team, which is the responsibility of dealing with poverty. If the funds are 5 million rupiahs, the Regional Financial Management Officer will be implemented, while for the community and Karangtaruna it is the task of monitoring whether the activities carried out and the assistance provided are right on target or not. If it is not right on target or the activity has not been carried out.

Participation
The last variable, namely participation, is a person's involvement in achieving predetermined goals and participating responsibly. In poverty alleviation it must be more based or determined in cooperation so as to allow self-sufficiency or participation in the implementation process. In this participation variable has two indicators, first, namely the involvement of village government and non-village government in planning and decision making, and second, namely the involvement of social welfare development actors of village government and non-village government.
The first indicator is the involvement of village government and non-village government in planning and decision making. In planning and decision-making, the village government does not work alone but instead invites Village Consultative Body and community representatives to participate. The community is invited to participate in planning and resolving problems. One important aspect in the success of village government governance performance is the planning aspect because it is the beginning of how the government performs a performance. Referring to the above, planning shares the strategic keys in building a village.
The Traji village government has involved several stakeholders, the village government in making a policy by involving the Village Consultative Body, village government, the community, and young partners. This causes the implementation of poverty alleviation policies to occur in a fairly good check and balance system. In addition, in planning it can be seen that the village government has used the hamlet deliberation method by gathering various stakeholders such as representatives of Neighborhood Association, Neighborhood Association, and Village Consultative Body. The aspirations resulting from this deliberation are then brought to the village level and selected first based on things that are very urgent to be implemented, then the execution will be carried out immediately.
The planning is quite good, it has involved various partners, stakeholders and in implementing the performance it is also indicated that it is quite good by building networks with all stakeholders in Traji Village, especially in dealing with poverty that hit Traji Village. There are also things that were agreed upon at the musrembangdes, as follows:

2.
Determine a plan of activities to be funded from the Regional Expenditure Budget

3.
Determine the plan of activities to be proposed in the district Local Government Work Plans musrembang in the sub-districts with funding from the district Regional Expenditure Budget, provincial Regional Expenditure Budget and State Expenditure Budget 4.
Determine the activity plan to be proposed in the district Local Government Work Plans musrenbang in the sub-district with a special program State Expenditure Budget funding source Source: RPJMDes Traji Village 2014-2019.

Musrembangdes
is a village development plan deliberation held every 5 years in January. Based on the table above, it can be concluded that in the premusrembangdes RPJMDes Traji village there are four things proposed. After further review and study, a decision was made at the pre musrembangdes process by establishing two agreements out of the four existing proposals. The two existing agreements were taken based on mutual agreement, because the two agreements are aspects that are urgent to be implemented, compared to the two aspects that are not agreed upon. The two agreed aspects are the main priority to be followed up into a policy program which will be implemented in accordance with the results of the agreement at the village predevelopment development forum.
Government policies in alleviating poverty must be carefully prepared / planned in order for a program to be realized effectively. One of the reasons must be careful planning so that the program can be sustainable. A wellprepared sustainable program can create a prosperous and independent society. The government does not need to provide the same assistance for a long period of time, but can provide assistance only a few times to achieve this sustainability. Of course, to make this happen, the government needs to make plans on a priority scale so that the program that is carried out develops in a structured manner.
Based on the table above related to the process or mechanism in the formulation of policies in dealing with poverty problems in the Traji village, Parakan Temanggung district, it can be seen clearly that a village development planning meeting or musrembangdes is mandatory in shaping a policy. Deliberation on village development plans are one of the things that can facilitate and accommodate a deliberation to decide thoughts together so that the problem of poverty can be resolved easily.
The use of a group discussion system with the holding of deliberations on village development plans to capture community aspirations and involve community participation from government, community, or third parties so that they generate ideas or goals in overcoming the problem of poverty in Traji village.
The next indicator is an indicator of the involvement of the social welfare development actors of the village government and non-government. Actors are people or groups involved in a process to achieve a goal. In this indicator, it is the collaboration of the village government and various partners for poverty alleviation in Traji village. Based on table 6, the village government has mobilized all development actors not only from the village government but involving young partners and the community, both Village Consultative Body institutions, village governments, or the community by working hand in hand to build a policy system so that a check and balance system mechanism occurs.
Mutually supervising and balancing each other if in the future there are people who are registered in a system related to the problem of poverty even though they are people who are economically capable, then there are people who report them. In addition, the community also jointly monitors whether the assistance provided by the village government is right on target.
It can be seen that poverty alleviation involves the Village Consultative Body (village consultative body), Activity Management Team, and Karangtaruna. Each actor has their respective interests to make policies that have been formed by the government to be achieved in accordance with existing plans. However, each actor has a role that cannot be underestimated, because each actor has capacities according to his abilities and expertise.
Based on the above, the involvement of stakeholders or actors is the key to the successful handling of an existing problem. In addition, in public policy, the involvement of actors is one of the main keys of strength to build an ideal policy system, because without the existence of policy actors, policies will certainly not be implemented, because in public policy many go through processes such as agenda setting, formulation, implementation, Policy termination, advocacy recommendations, and monitoring and evaluation cannot be carried out by the government itself, but need cross-border actors such as the community, Karangtaruna, or even the Village Consultative Body as supervisors.
The involvement of actors as reflected above shows quite good collaboration, involving the Activity Management Team, Village Consultative Body, and young partners. However, the implementation is not in line with expectations due to the lack of quality of village human resources that do not yet have the capacity, so this is a problem of poverty that cannot be described. A bad coordination system is also an obstacle to poverty alleviation. On the other hand, if the coordination is good, then of course the existing poverty system can be unraveled. However, currently it is increasing, especially in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic which is increasingly felt in all sectors.
Reflecting on this, the cross-actor coordination network is an important point and the role of the government as a strategic actor can certainly be used to move across other sectors.

CONCLUSION
The effort to alleviate poverty carried out by the Traji village government is not an easy thing to implement. The program that was developed encountered several problems. The problem of empowering the Traji village community, the village government has provided various trainings to support the village's economic independence, besides that the village government also does not necessarily work alone but collaborates with several actors, namely, Village Consultative Body, Activity Management Team, Regional Financial Management Officer, and the Traji village community which consists of young partners such as Traji Village Youth Organization. Village governments also make various efforts to alleviate poverty in ways that are possible. For example, by applying supervision to programs that have been compiled, designing programs according to priorities and using clear indicators.
The Traji village government also has an initiative so that the people of Traji Village have an effective additional income by holding Peken Lepen. Peken Lepen can solve the economic problems in Traji village because each Peken Lepen performance can generate 6 million income. Based on this, Peken Lepen is a commitment of the village government to show its serious concern for the local economic situation. Besides that, the village government in poverty alleviation is not alone, they involve all communities and government institutions such as the Activity Management Team, Village Consultative Body and stakeholders. In a plan, it can be seen that the village government has used the hamlet deliberation method and gathered various stakeholders, such as representatives of Neighborhood Association, Neighborhood Association, and Village Consultative Body. The aspirations that have been compiled are then brought to the village level.