QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF SALAK LEAF EXTRACT (SALACCA SUMATRANA)

Qualitative analysis research of salak leaf extract has been carried out, where the salak leaf extract Padangsidimpuan has characteristic with a larger size and does leaf has a meat which has a distinctive sour taste, because of its acid content, it is processed in the form of salak leaf (Salacca sumatrana) which aims to analyze the levels of secondary metabolites in salak leaf which are expected to be a cholesterol-lowering herbal medicine. With the appropriate qualitative analysis of salak leaf using the extraction method, namely the maceration method with methanol solvent, the results obtained that salak leaf contains Secondary metabolites consisting of alkaloids, phenolics, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, however, it does not contain flavonoids and steroids.


INTRODUCTION
Southern Tapanuli is famous for the City of Salak, with the type of salak (Salacca sumatrana) including the palmae (Araceae) tribe that grows in clumps, thrives in several areas.This plant has a variety of flavors, colors and sizes.In terms of taste, some are sweet and some are sour.The species is Salacca sumatrana (Salak Sidimpuan) while Salacca edulis consists of 2 species, namely the variety (Zalacca gaertn Voss) and the variety Amboinensis (Salacca edulis Reinw) called salak bali (Ashari, 2006).Salak Padangsidimpuan is a fruit that is well known in Sumatra and even in Java.The taste is sweet, chelate (between sour and sweet), sour and legit which makes it different from salak pondoh and other types.Salak farming in South Tapanuli is located in the Districts of West

Padangsidimpuan, East
Padangsidimpuan, Batangtoru and Siais (Kaputra & Harahap, 2004).This slightly sweet-tasting fruit contains a lot of vitamin A, vitamin C and beta carotene so that it can be used as an antioxidant (Lingga, 2012).

RESEARCH METHODS
Wistar rats used amounted to 40 tails.Only male wistar rats were used, because it was feared that there would be errors in measuring uric acid levels in the blood and increasing antioxidants in the body due to the influence of the hormonal system, because female rats would increase the hormone estrogen during menstruation.Mice were acclimatized for 7 days to get used to the laboratory conditions.During the acclimation period, wistar rats were fed ad libitum with rice, corn and water.After acclimatization, all rats were fasted for 12-14 hours.
According to Murray et al. (2003)  show brown spots on a yellow background (Harborne, 1987).
Flavonoid identification.The extract solution was spotted on TLC plates and eluted with the appropriate eluent.
Then the spots were observed on UV lamps 264 and 366 after which they were sprayed with AlCl3.Flavonoids contain a conjugated aromatic system that will show a strong absorption band in UV and visible light.In the analysis with TLC and appearance with AlCl3 reagent.Lavonoids will appear yellow spots and depending on their structure, flavonoids will fluoresce yellow, blue or green at 366 nm UV (Harborne, 1987).
Phenolic identification.The extract solution was spotted on TLC plates and eluted with the appropriate eluent.Then the spots were observed on UV lamps 264 and 366 after that they were sprayed with FeCl3.Positive for phenol if the stain is green, red, purple, blue or strong black (Harborne, 1987).

Saponin identification.
The extract solution was spotted on TLC plates and eluted with the appropriate eluent.Then the spots were observed on UV lamps 254 and 366 and sprayed with vanillin.Saponin glycosides when detected with vanillin-sulfuric acid spray reagent will give a blue to violet blue color, sometimes in the form of red, yellow, dark blue, purple, green or brownish yellow patches (Harborne, 1987).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of qualitative tests through phytochemical screening carried out using ethanol solvents showed that the positive salak leaf samples contained alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, tannins, and terpenoids.Alkaloids.The test found that alkaloids in the results of the analysis can act as anti-tumors, alkaloids in karpain compounds can also inhibit the performance of microorganisms, so that they can inhibit the development and growth of microorganisms in the body such as fungi and bacteria that are not needed by the system in the body (Setyawaty, 2020;Setyati et al., 2020).

Phenolic. Identification of phenolic
compounds is done by adding 5% FeCl3.
The addition of 5% FeCl3 will cause a color change such as green, yellow, Saponins, from the results found foam for 7 minutes, according to Robinson & Padmawinata (1995) compounds that have polar and non-polar groups are active, so that when saponins are shaken, micelles form so that they are shaped like foam (Suica-Bunghez et al., 2016;Dasopang, 2017).Saponins are glycosides in plants which consist of sapogenin groups, hexose, pentose or uronic acid elements.Saponins in the world of health act as raw material for the synthesis of steroid hormones (Girsang et al., 2019) Tannins, from the results of the analysis, it is known that agarwood leaves contain tannins from the occurrence of color changes when the addition of 1% Fe Cl3 solution, which is green-black.Tea also contains tannins called ellagitannins.
Ellagitanin is also said to have the potential to treat and prevent cancer (Robbiyan et al., 2021).
Terpenoids, from the results of the analysis characterized by the formation of a brown ring in the test solution after the addition of sulfuric acid, this is known to be useful as an anti-bacterial, monoterpenoids, terpenoids saponins, these compounds are fat-soluble, so they can be used as drugs for malaria, liver damage and diabetes (Tien et al., 2021).

CONCLUSION
Based on the results of the research conducted, it can be concluded that the chemical content contained in the salak leaf extract is flavonoids, phenolics, alkaloid tannins and terpenoid.
Qualitative Analysis of Salak Leaf Extract(Salacca sumatrana)    orange, or red(Harborne in Sangi et al.,   2012).In phenolic testing, gaharu leaf infusion formed an orange color and kombucha agarwood leaves formed an orange-black color.The results of this identification indicate that it clearly contains phenolic(Shabir et al., 2018)    Phenolic compounds are known as secondary metabolites, which are important, derived from phenylalanine and tyrosine.These compounds contain large amounts of a variety in plants.Phenolic compounds in plants are important and have potential as antioxidants because of the hydroxyl groups that can prevent free radicals(Nithya et al., 2016).Flavonoids, are often marked in red as a result of their reduction by concentrated hydrochloric acid and magnesium.Flavonoids are often used as reducing compounds that both inhibit oxidation reactions in the body, both enzymatic and non-enzymatic, so that flavonoids are antioxidants that play a role in reducing and inhibiting the growth of cancer cells(Kopustinskiene et al., 2020).

Table 1 .
Chemical Content of Salak sumatrana Leaves